Click Here to Call (877) 557-3482
Trusted by over 1,000 ★★★★★ customers  |  Licensed and Insured

FIREPLACE INSTALLATION
Riner, VA
EVERY TYPE. INSTALLED CORRECTLY.

A fireplace installed incorrectly is not a fireplace that works poorly in Riner. It is a fireplace that creates ongoing safety, performance, and legal liability concerns that are expensive and disruptive to correct in Riner, VA. Clearance violations that put combustible framing within the minimum distance from the appliance. Incorrectly sized venting that produces chronic draft problems from day one. An undersized liner installed on an existing chimney because nobody assessed the compatibility before the appliance went in. An unpermitted installation that surfaces as a problem at resale in Riner.

Brushers Chimney installs fireplaces across Riner with the site assessment, correct specification, permit management, and post-installation inspection that correct fireplace installation demands in Riner, VA. Every type. Every venting configuration. Every fuel type. Installed correctly and guaranteed in Riner. The quality difference between a correctly installed fireplace and an incorrectly installed one is invisible to the eye in most cases in Riner, VA. The clearance violation is not visible because the framing is behind the wall. The missing permit is not visible until the home inspector flags it at resale. The quality of fireplace installation lives invisibly inside the walls until it manifests as a fire, a chronic performance problem, or a resale issue in Riner. Brushers installs correctly the first time so the invisible stuff is right in Riner, VA.

What Incorrect Fireplace Installation Actually Produces in Riner, VA

The Clearance Problem. The Most Common Safety Deficiency. in Riner

Every fireplace appliance has specific minimum clearances to combustibles required by the manufacturer and by building code in Riner, VA. These clearances are calculated based on the radiant and conductive heat output of the specific appliance during normal operation and are set to prevent combustibles from being heated to ignition temperature over time in Riner. Framing, flooring, mantels, wall materials all have specified minimum distances from the appliance that must be maintained in Riner, VA. Clearance violations are the most common safety deficiency found in fireplace installations not performed by specialists in Riner. They produce a gradually increasing risk of ignition that grows as the thermal exposure of the adjacent combustibles accumulates over seasons of use in Riner, VA. Brushers installs every fireplace to the specific clearance requirements for the specific appliance in Riner.

The Venting Problem. Wrong Vent for the Appliance. in Riner, VA

Every fuel-burning fireplace requires a correctly specified venting system in Riner. Wood-burning fireplaces require UL-listed Class A chimney systems. Gas fireplaces require B-vent or direct vent systems depending on the appliance type. Inserts require correctly sized liners matched to the specific appliance's exhaust flow requirements in Riner, VA. A common venting error is installing a gas insert on an existing masonry chimney without assessing whether the existing flue is the correct size for the gas appliance in Riner. Gas appliances typically require significantly smaller flue dimensions than the wood-burning fireplaces that originally served the masonry chimney. A gas insert on an oversized masonry flue without a correctly sized liner produces condensation in the flue from the gas combustion water vapor that the cold, oversized flue cannot exhaust efficiently in Riner, VA. That condensation corrodes the flue and produces moisture problems that manifest as staining and odor in Riner.

The Liner Problem. Wrong Size for the Firebox. in Riner

An undersized liner restricts draft and causes smoke intrusion from the first fire in Riner, VA. An oversized liner produces weak draft and excessive creosote accumulation from incomplete combustion at low temperatures in Riner. Correct liner sizing is based on the specific firebox dimensions for open fireplaces and on the manufacturer's specifications for inserts and stoves. Getting liner sizing right requires measuring the specific firebox and calculating the correct liner cross-sectional area, not estimating based on chimney type or visual assessment in Riner, VA.

The Permit Problem. What Happens at Resale. in Riner, VA

Most fuel-burning fireplace installations require building permits in Riner. The permit process ensures the installation is inspected by the local authority having jurisdiction and confirmed to meet applicable codes in Riner, VA. A fireplace installed without a required permit is an unpermitted improvement that a competent home inspector will flag during a real estate transaction in Riner. The resolution, retroactive permitting and inspection, frequently requires exposing the installation for inspection access and correcting any deficiencies found in Riner, VA. Brushers manages permits on every installation that requires them in Riner.

Fireplace installation in Riner, VA. All types. Correct spec. Permit managed. Call Brushers.

Gas, wood, electric, inserts  ·  Site assessment first  ·  Every installation guaranteed

Click Here to Call (877) 557-3482

Choosing the Right Fireplace for Your Home in Riner, VA

Wood-Burning. The Authentic Option. in Riner

Delivers the authentic experience in Riner, VA. The crackle and smell of a real wood fire. High heat output. Independence from utility infrastructure in Riner. Also the most demanding type to own. Requires properly seasoned firewood, annual chimney sweeping, and a chimney system rated for wood combustion in Riner, VA. For homeowners who want the genuine fireplace experience and are willing to engage with the maintenance it requires in Riner.

Gas. Convenience and Consistent Heat. in Riner, VA

Delivers consistent, controllable heat at the press of a button in Riner. Modern gas fireplaces produce realistic flame effects and significant heat output without the preparation and cleanup of wood burning in Riner, VA. Require a gas supply and correctly specified venting but significantly less ongoing maintenance than wood-burning in Riner. For homeowners who want regular fireplace use without the operational demands of wood burning in Riner, VA.

Electric. Maximum Installation Flexibility. in Riner

Requires no venting, no chimney, and no fuel supply beyond a standard electrical outlet in Riner, VA. Can be installed on interior walls, in upper-floor rooms, in basements, anywhere with electrical access in Riner. Least expensive to install and most installation-flexible. Modern high-quality electric fireplaces produce remarkably realistic flame effects in Riner, VA. For homeowners prioritizing installation flexibility and minimal maintenance in Riner.

Fireplace Insert. Converting What You Already Have. in Riner, VA

Installed within the opening of an existing masonry fireplace in Riner. Converts an open masonry fireplace that may operate at 10 to 15% efficiency into a unit operating at 70 to 80% efficiency or above in Riner, VA. If you have a functional existing masonry fireplace, an insert almost always provides better performance and better value than replacing it entirely in Riner. Wood, gas, and pellet inserts available in Riner, VA.

What Brushers considers before recommending in Riner: the home's construction and proposed installation location, whether an existing chimney is available and in what condition, whether the proposed location has exterior wall access for direct vent in Riner, VA, the home's electrical and gas infrastructure, the homeowner's primary use case, fuel preference and access, and local permit requirements in Riner. The recommendation reflects the specific home and situation, not a default preference in Riner, VA.

Fireplace Types Brushers Installs in Riner, VA

Wood-Burning Fireplace Installation in Riner

New wood-burning fireplace installation involves the full scope from firebox to chimney top in Riner, VA. The firebox and hearth construction or prefabricated firebox installation. The chimney system, either masonry or prefabricated. The liner system correctly sized for the specific firebox. The cap. All associated flashing and weatherproofing at the roof penetration in Riner. Wood-burning fireplace installation typically requires a building permit and inspection. Brushers manages the permit process and installs to the specific code requirements in Riner, VA.

Gas Fireplace Installation in Riner, VA

Gas fireplace installation covers the fireplace unit, the venting system, and the gas supply connection in Riner. Gas appliance work requires licensed gas fitters for the supply line connection. Brushers coordinates the full installation scope including gas supply connection through licensed gas professionals where this is outside Brushers' direct license scope in Riner, VA. Gas fireplace installation requires a permit in most jurisdictions in Riner.

Direct Vent Gas Fireplace Installation in Riner

Direct vent gas fireplaces are sealed combustion appliances that draw combustion air from outside and exhaust flue gases to outside through a two-pipe coaxial vent system in Riner, VA. They can be installed on virtually any exterior wall without requiring a chimney in Riner. They do not draw air from the room and do not create the negative pressure or draft problems associated with conventional fireplaces in airtight homes in Riner, VA. Brushers installs direct vent gas fireplaces from all major manufacturers across Riner.

Wood Insert Installation in Riner, VA

Wood inserts installed in existing masonry fireplaces dramatically improve efficiency and heat output in Riner. The insert is installed within the existing firebox opening and connected to a correctly sized liner that runs from the insert collar to the chimney top. Correct liner sizing for the specific insert's exhaust requirements is the most critical element of wood insert installation in Riner, VA. An undersized liner restricts draft. An oversized liner produces weak draft and creosote accumulation in Riner.

Gas Insert Installation in Riner

Gas inserts convert existing wood-burning masonry fireplaces to gas operation in Riner, VA. A gas supply line is run to the firebox location. A correctly sized liner for the gas appliance is installed through the existing flue. The insert unit is installed within the existing firebox opening in Riner. The existing firebox and chimney are retained while the appliance and venting system are upgraded in Riner, VA.

Pellet Stove and Insert Installation in Riner, VA

Pellet stoves and inserts burn compressed wood pellets through an automated feed system in Riner. They produce consistent, thermostatically controlled heat with significantly less operational attention than wood-burning appliances. They require a venting system and an electrical connection for the feed motor and controls in Riner, VA. Brushers installs pellet stoves and inserts across all major brands in Riner with correct venting system configuration for each specific appliance in Riner, VA.

Electric Fireplace Installation in Riner

Electric fireplace installation ranges from simple placement for freestanding and mantel units to built-in installation for recessed linear and traditional configurations in Riner, VA. Built-in electric fireplace installations require electrical rough-in work to provide the correct circuit at the installation location. Brushers coordinates electrical work through licensed electricians where it is outside direct scope in Riner. No venting. No chimney. No fuel supply beyond electrical. But correct electrical supply and correct framing for built-in units are essential for safe, code-compliant installation in Riner, VA.

All fireplace types installed correctly in Riner, VA. Site assessment first. Call Brushers.

Wood, gas, direct vent, electric, inserts, pellet  ·  Permit managed  ·  Post-installation inspection

Click Here to Call (877) 557-3482

What Correct Fireplace Installation Requires in Riner, VA

Site Assessment Before Any Recommendation in Riner

Every Brushers fireplace installation begins with a site assessment in Riner, VA. The proposed location evaluated for structural suitability. Any existing chimney assessed for condition and compatibility with the proposed appliance. The home's construction evaluated relative to clearance requirements. Gas and electrical infrastructure assessed. Local permit requirements confirmed in Riner. The site assessment produces a recommendation that reflects the actual characteristics of the specific home, not a generic default in Riner, VA.

Correct Sizing for the Space in Riner, VA

A fireplace undersized for the space it is intended to heat will underperform in Riner. A fireplace oversized will overheat the space and may create safety concerns from excessive temperatures in adjacent materials in Riner, VA. Brushers sizes fireplaces correctly for the specific room and home, matching the appliance's heat output to the thermal requirements of the space in Riner.

Correct Venting System Specification in Riner

Brushers specifies the correct venting system for each fireplace type and appliance model in Riner, VA. UL-listed Class A chimney systems for wood-burning appliances. B-vent or direct vent for gas appliances. Correctly sized liners for inserts matched to the manufacturer's exhaust flow specifications in Riner. The venting system specification is based on the specific appliance requirements, not on what is most convenient in Riner, VA.

Correct Clearances to Combustibles in Riner, VA

Brushers installs every fireplace to the specific clearance requirements for the specific appliance in Riner. Derived from the manufacturer's installation instructions and the applicable building code and non-negotiable in Riner, VA. If the proposed installation location does not provide adequate clearance for the selected appliance, Brushers advises on the correct solution before the installation begins in Riner.

Permit Management in Riner

Brushers manages permit applications for every fireplace installation that requires one in Riner, VA. We prepare and submit the application, manage the permit process through to approval, and schedule and pass the required inspections in Riner. You do not deal with the permit office. We do in Riner, VA.

Post-Installation Inspection and Testing in Riner, VA

Every Brushers fireplace installation includes a post-installation inspection confirming correct appliance installation, correct venting, correct clearances, and correct operation in Riner. We test the fireplace through its full operating range before considering the installation complete in Riner, VA. We walk the homeowner through correct operation, safety features, maintenance requirements, and fuel recommendations in Riner.

Chimney and Venting Systems Brushers Installs in Riner, VA

New Masonry Chimney Construction in Riner

New wood-burning fireplaces without existing chimney infrastructure require new masonry chimney construction in Riner, VA. A dedicated footing. Full-height masonry construction. Correctly sized liner installation. Correct flashing at the roof penetration. Crown and cap work at the chimney top in Riner. Brushers manages full masonry chimney construction as part of new wood-burning fireplace installations in Riner, VA.

Prefabricated Metal Chimney System Installation in Riner, VA

For new wood-burning or gas fireplaces where a full masonry chimney is not required or preferred, prefabricated insulated metal chimney systems assembled on site are an effective and code-compliant alternative in Riner. Faster and less expensive to install than masonry chimneys while meeting the same performance and code requirements in Riner, VA. Brushers installs prefabricated chimney systems across all major prefabricated chimney brands in Riner.

Direct Vent System Installation in Riner

Direct vent gas fireplaces use a sealed two-pipe system through any exterior wall without requiring a chimney in Riner, VA. Correct pipe routing. Correct wall penetration sealing. Correct exterior termination location relative to windows, doors, and grade in Riner. Brushers installs direct vent systems correctly for all major direct vent gas fireplace manufacturers in Riner, VA.

Liner Installation for New Appliances on Existing Chimneys in Riner, VA

When a new appliance is installed on an existing chimney, Brushers assesses the existing chimney for compatibility with the new appliance's liner requirements before the installation begins in Riner. Different appliances have different liner size requirements and different operating temperature characteristics. A chimney suitable for one appliance may need liner modification to correctly serve a new appliance in Riner, VA. Brushers installs correctly sized liners for every new appliance installation on an existing chimney in Riner.

Why Riner Homeowners Choose Brushers for Fireplace Installation

Chimney and Fireplace Specialists. Not General Contractors. in Riner, VA

Fireplace installation requires specific knowledge of chimney construction, venting system requirements, appliance specifications, clearance standards, and local code requirements in Riner. Brushers' installation specialists bring chimney-specific knowledge to every fireplace installation in Riner, VA. The clearances are correct. The venting is correct. The liner sizing is correct. Not because it worked out that way but because Brushers knows the specific requirements for the specific appliance in Riner.

Site Assessment Before We Recommend Anything in Riner, VA

Brushers does not recommend a fireplace type without first evaluating the specific installation site in Riner. The recommendation reflects the actual characteristics of your home and your situation. Not a default preference or a product Brushers happens to have in stock in Riner, VA.

Permit Management and Post-Installation Inspection in Riner

Brushers manages the permit application process for every installation that requires one in Riner, VA. We prepare. We submit. We schedule inspections. You get a permitted, code-compliant installation in Riner. And every Brushers fireplace installation includes a post-installation inspection confirming correct installation and correct clearances, and full function testing before the installation is considered complete in Riner, VA.

Every Installation Guaranteed in Riner, VA

Every Brushers fireplace installation is guaranteed in Riner. If any element of the installation develops a fault within the guarantee period, we return and address it at no additional charge in Riner, VA.

What Does Fireplace Installation Cost in Riner, VA?

$500 to $2,000
Electric Fireplace
Freestanding or built-in, including electrical rough-in for built-in units in Riner
$2,000 to $5,000
Gas Insert
Insert unit, liner, and gas supply in existing masonry fireplace in Riner, VA
$2,500 to $5,500
Wood Insert
Insert unit and liner in existing masonry fireplace in Riner
$3,000 to $7,000
Direct Vent Gas
Fireplace unit, direct vent system, gas supply, and finishing in Riner, VA
$5,000 to $10,000
Prefab Wood-Burning
Fireplace unit, prefabricated chimney system, hearth, and surround in Riner
$15,000 to $40,000+
New Masonry Wood-Burning
Full masonry construction from footing to cap in Riner, VA

All pricing confirmed upfront before installation begins in Riner. An incorrectly installed fireplace that develops a clearance-related fire issue produces fire damage that dwarfs the installation cost in Riner, VA. An unpermitted installation that surfaces at resale requires retroactive permitting, potential wall opening for inspection access, and correction of any deficiencies found before the permit can be finaled in Riner. Brushers installs correctly the first time because the cost of getting it wrong is significantly higher than the cost of getting it right in Riner, VA.

How Brushers' Installation Process Works in Riner, VA

1

Step 1. Site Assessment. in Riner

Our specialist visits the proposed installation location in Riner, VA. Evaluates the installation location, the home's construction, any existing chimney or venting infrastructure, fuel availability, local permit requirements, and the homeowner's heating goals and aesthetic preferences in Riner. The assessment produces a specific installation recommendation with specific costs in Riner, VA.

2

Step 2. Fireplace and Venting Selection. in Riner, VA

Based on the site assessment, our specialist presents specific fireplace and venting system recommendations with the costs for each option in Riner. The recommendation covers the fireplace unit, the venting system, the finishing approach, and the permit scope in Riner, VA. Complete picture before any commitment in Riner.

3

Step 3. Permit Application. in Riner

For installations requiring permits, Brushers prepares and submits the permit application before installation begins in Riner, VA. We manage the process through to approval and through the required inspections in Riner.

4

Step 4. Professional Installation. in Riner, VA

Our installation specialists complete the full installation scope to manufacturer specification, code requirement, and Brushers quality standards in Riner. Correct clearances. Correct venting. Correct liner sizing. Correct connection and sealing at every component interface in Riner, VA.

5

Step 5. Inspection, Testing, and Orientation. in Riner

Post-installation inspection confirming correct installation and correct clearances in Riner, VA. Full function testing through the complete operating range in Riner. Homeowner orientation covering correct operation, safety features, maintenance requirements, and fuel recommendations in Riner, VA. The installation is complete when the homeowner knows how to use it correctly and we have confirmed it works correctly in Riner.

Fireplace Installation Across Riner, VA

Every Part of Riner Covered

  • Downtown Riner - urban homes, condos, and apartments where direct vent gas is often most practical in Riner, VA
  • North Riner - full north-side coverage in Riner, VA
  • South Riner - all south-side communities in Riner
  • East Riner - east-end homes in Riner, VA
  • West Riner - full west-side coverage in Riner
  • Surrounding areas beyond Riner city limits in Riner, VA

Installed Right. Performs Right. Guaranteed. in Riner, VA

  • Clearances correct or they are not. Venting correct or it is not. In Riner.
  • Liner correctly sized or it is not. Permit in place or it is not in Riner, VA
  • None of these are visible to the eye after the wall is closed in Riner
  • All of them matter when something goes wrong or when the home is sold in Riner, VA
  • Brushers gets the invisible stuff right in Riner

Fireplace Installation FAQs in Riner, VA

No. Direct vent gas fireplaces vent through a two-pipe system through any exterior wall without requiring a chimney in Riner. They are the most installation-flexible fuel-burning fireplace option and can be installed in virtually any room with exterior wall access in Riner, VA.
A gas insert is installed within the opening of an existing masonry fireplace in Riner. It requires an existing firebox and connects to a liner in the existing chimney. A gas fireplace is a standalone unit that does not require an existing fireplace and can be installed in a new location with its own venting system in Riner, VA.
Direct vent is a sealed combustion gas fireplace system that draws combustion air from outside and exhausts flue gases to outside through a two-pipe coaxial vent system in Riner. It does not draw air from the room, does not create negative pressure, and can be installed on any exterior wall without a chimney in Riner, VA. The most versatile and safest gas fireplace venting system for modern airtight homes in Riner.
Fireplace sizing is based on the room's volume and thermal characteristics in Riner. Brushers calculates the correct heat output range for your specific room during the site assessment and selects an appliance specification that matches in Riner, VA.
Required clearances vary by appliance type and specific model in Riner. They are specified by the manufacturer and applicable building code. Brushers installs every fireplace to the specific clearance requirements for the specific appliance and confirms clearance compliance as part of the post-installation inspection in Riner, VA.
Yes. Brushers installs wood stoves and pellet stoves across all major brands in Riner. Wood stove installation includes the stove, the chimney connector, and the chimney system or liner required for the specific stove's exhaust requirements in Riner, VA.
Most fuel-burning fireplace installations require building permits in Riner. Specific requirements vary by jurisdiction and installation type. Brushers confirms the specific permit requirements for your address and manages the application process in Riner, VA.
Not without assessment in Riner. Different appliances have different liner size requirements and operating temperature characteristics. A chimney that was correctly specified for one appliance may need liner modification to correctly serve a new appliance in Riner, VA. Brushers assesses existing chimney compatibility before every new appliance installation in Riner.
A gas insert installed in the existing masonry fireplace converts it to gas operation in Riner. A liner correctly sized for the gas insert is installed through the existing flue. A gas supply line is run to the firebox location. The insert is installed within the existing firebox opening in Riner, VA.
Insert installations typically take one to two days in Riner. Direct vent gas fireplace installations take one to three days. Prefabricated wood-burning installations take two to five days. New masonry fireplace and chimney construction takes several weeks in Riner, VA. These timelines exclude permit processing time in Riner.
Clearances to combustibles and venting system specification in Riner. Both are invisible after installation is complete and both have serious safety consequences if incorrect. Brushers gets both right on every installation in Riner, VA.
Yes, with the right fireplace type in Riner. Electric fireplaces can be installed on any interior wall. Direct vent gas fireplaces require exterior wall access for the vent pipes but can sometimes be routed from an interior installation location. Wood-burning fireplaces require a chimney and are less flexible for interior installation in Riner, VA.
Gas fireplace insert installation costs $2,000 to $5,000 in Riner. Direct vent gas fireplace installation costs $3,000 to $7,000. These ranges include the fireplace unit, venting system, and installation labor but may not include gas supply line work or finishing in Riner, VA.
Wood insert installation in an existing fireplace costs $2,500 to $5,500 in Riner. Prefabricated wood-burning fireplace installation with chimney system costs $5,000 to $10,000. New masonry wood-burning fireplace and chimney construction costs $15,000 to $40,000 and above in Riner, VA.
Yes. A correctly installed, permitted, and code-compliant fireplace is consistently identified as a home value-adding feature in Riner. Gas and wood-burning fireplaces with correct chimney systems add to the home's assessed value and its appeal at resale in Riner, VA. An unpermitted installation does the opposite in Riner.
Yes. Every Brushers fireplace installation is guaranteed in Riner. If any element of the installation develops a fault within the guarantee period, we return and address it at no additional charge in Riner, VA.

Ready to Add a Fireplace? Call Brushers in Riner, VA Today.

Correct specification. Correct installation. Permit managed. Post-installation inspection included. Every installation guaranteed in Riner. Whatever fireplace type is right for your home, Brushers installs it correctly in Riner, VA. Call now in Riner.

Our Chimney Services in Riner, VA

Chimney SweepChimney Animal RemovalChimney CleaningChimney Fan InstallationChimney InspectionsChimney Repair & RestorationDowndraft RepairDryer Vent CleaningFireplace InstallationsRain Cap InstallationSmoke Chamber CleaningFireplace CleaningExhaust Hood RepairsChimney Crown RepairChimney Flashing Repair

Serving These Locations

Chimney Leak Repair Charlestown, MDChimney Leak Repair Loretto, PAChimney Leak Repair Salix, PAChimney Leak Repair Ojai, CAChimney Leak Repair Beacon, NYChimney Leak Repair Houston, PAChimney Leak Repair Marsing, IDChimney Leak Repair Hot Springs, SDChimney Leak Repair Crystal Lake, CTChimney Leak Repair Pen Argyl, PAChimney Leak Repair Selma, TXChimney Leak Repair Warren Afb, WYChimney Leak Repair Robbins, NCChimney Leak Repair Erwin, TNChimney Leak Repair Big Lake, MNChimney Leak Repair Port Carbon, PAChimney Leak Repair Alpena, MIChimney Leak Repair Warsaw, MOChimney Leak Repair Verona, KYChimney Leak Repair York, SCChimney Leak Repair Pinetops, NCChimney Leak Repair Waretown, NJChimney Leak Repair Countryside, VAChimney Leak Repair Kean University, NJChimney Leak Repair Elm Creek, NEChimney Leak Repair Hebron, OHChimney Leak Repair Massac, KYChimney Leak Repair Ransom Canyon, TXChimney Leak Repair Troy, NYChimney Leak Repair Cameron Park, TXChimney Leak Repair Jamestown, TNChimney Leak Repair Lake Brownwood, TXChimney Leak Repair Goleta, CAChimney Leak Repair River Park, FLChimney Leak Repair Herington, KSChimney Leak Repair Ashdown, ARChimney Leak Repair Danville, ARChimney Leak Repair New Chicago, INChimney Leak Repair Pontoon Beach, ILChimney Leak Repair Lake Waccamaw, NCChimney Leak Repair Lake Mary, FLChimney Leak Repair Jonestown, TXChimney Leak Repair Timonium, MDChimney Leak Repair Oakland, NJChimney Leak Repair Island Walk, FLChimney Leak Repair Oneonta, ALChimney Leak Repair Leesburg, VAChimney Leak Repair Campbellsville, KYChimney Leak Repair Ardmore, PAChimney Leak Repair Okemos, MI